Heft 1/2009

Abstract
Surveying student recruitment is a key component to the success of any surveying program. Despite ongoing legislation in many states to require a university degree to become licensed as a professional surveyor, many universities face challenges when trying to recruit students into surveying programs. Recently, national organizations have stepped into the effort and there is now a multi-faceted approach to recruiting in the U.S.

Abstract
Liberalization of services and international recognition of professional competences are a topical issue of the international agenda. In the European Union, an additional challenge is the EU market, which provides the framework for free trade in professional services within the EU member states. Consequently, the professional qualifications, which have to meet the labour market needs, have to be recognized on the international level. The competences of the graduates and whether these competences are in line with the demands of the employment areas (in particular of the private enterprises) are discussed in connection to the field of surveying in Slovenia. In addition, some main findings regarding the requirements of the European enterprises in the surveying profession are given, based on the research within the framework of the EEGECS (European Education in Geodetic Engineering, Cartography and Surveying). We try to emphasize the importance of collaboration between private/public sector and higher educational institutions in order to develop and/or adjust higher educational programmes to the technological and methodological development, and to the market needs, which would fulfil wide spectrum of the market needs.

Abstract
At Mainz University of Applied Sciences, Department of Geoinformatics and Surveying, a long experience is available in co-operation projects with partners from the humanities for the purpose of archaeological and cultural heritage documentation and preservation. This paper focuses on a subset of about 40 diploma thesis which were executed within archaeological and cultural heritage documentation projects outside Germany. Besides the location of the project area, another selection criterion was the overall importance of diploma work for the respective project. While conducting such work in close co-operation with students and professionals of other disciplines, surveying students gain valuable knowledge from those other fields. In such projects, students of all participating disciplines have the chance to augment their disciplinary knowledge with knowledge from other disciplines.

Abstract
For years the Vienna University of Technology has had problems attracting a sufficient number of surveying students. This leads to ficial problems if the budget is based on student numbers. Another problem is that low student numbers lead to low graduate numbers and this limits the choice when looking for employees at universities. Then even less suited candidates have to be accepted. In the long run this will have an impact on the quality of the teachers. This can only be prevented if more students are attracted. The traditional fields are well covered. Thus we need to address new target groups. However, both, the curriculum and the job description must be attractive.

Abstract
As around the world, also in Turkey, with the impact of the globalization, there have been important changes and developments in engineering education, particularly surveying engineering education, in a period of which free circulation has become widespread and intensive efforts for the membership of the European Union have been made. There is no doubt that products and reflections of the developing and varying technology has seen in Turkey, too. The first civilian survey education was begun in 1949 at Yildiz Technical University in Istanbul in Turkey. Over the past six decades, the number of active education training departments has risen to eleven. In addition, five new departments have been established, and they are still preparing for the active education training. It is vital to select suitable models, which provide integration between the world and Turkey, and include certain standards with the aspect of survey engineering by the affect of both increasing number of departments and increasing enrolled and graduated student numbers. Therefore, redoubling the quality of the education, tracking the current curriculum, increasing the mobility in education, developing the e-learning system, adopting the European Credit Transfer System (ECTS), leading the national and international accreditation studies have been conducted as listed respectively in several considerable subtitles. Accreditation is a developed method of the quality assurance of the social services with a systematic approach in several countries and sectors. In this point, accreditation is a significant means of obtaining reliability and continuity for these services. Educational accreditation is a type of quality assurance process under which services and operations of an educational institution or program are evaluated by an external body to determine if applicable standards are met. Accreditation studies conducted in national and international areas were completed in some of our departments and, became sustainable. The other departments are continuing the national and international accreditation studies rapidly. Beside international accreditation studies, like conducted by ABET (Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology) and EUR-ACE (European System for Accreditation of Engineering Education), in national aspect MUDEK (Engineering Education Program Evaluation and Accreditation Association) conducts national accreditation studies. In this contrary, ITU (Istanbul Technical University) which is one of the university lectured surveying engineering education, has obtained the ABET accreditation, and the other two universities; YTU and University of Selc¸uk has obtained MUDEK accreditation. At the same time, MUDEK conducts accreditation studies with EUR-ACE (European Accreditation of Engineering Programs). Although some surveying departments have finished or still conduct accreditation studies in Turkey, some of them have not started these facilities yet. Furthermore, serious differentiations between these departments have been affecting our country’s surveying education. The differentials emanate from physical infrastructure, device and hardware capacity, lecturer staff, divisions, students’ quota. There is no equal distribution on these listed issues in universities. So, one cannot wait to take an equally distributed education outputs (graduates) from these education system. This will finally affect the profession and sector outputs. In addition to the problems as mentioned above, unbalanced growth in surveying profession will change the supply demand balance. In spite of positive developments in engineering education because of the ABET or MUDEK standards and criteria, new opened departments without determination survey sector needs of survey engineer would make difficulties in the near future for our profession and our country. Especially, in terms of criteria listed above, the serious differentiations between departments will affect the education quality and graduates in terms of well qualification and standardization throughout the country. Therefore, in this paper, change and development process of survey engineering education in Turkey from onrush to today is examined. Moreover, studies about integration to the developed world are mentioned. Furthermore, in this process, affirmative contributions of the system and also contradictions and missing sides of the survey education in Turkey will be emphasized.

Abstract
This paper seeks to evaluate the arguments for the proposition that students in higher education are "customers" and should be treated as such, and investigate whether the adoption of the terminology, systems and processes of the "student-as-customer" leads to a degradation or improvement of the quality of education and level of service delivered to higher education students, especially focused on students enrollend in the field of surveying.

Abstract
The first Survey School in Nigeria was established in 1908 as a Departmental post-secondary school, to cater for the education of the country’s youth who could not proceed overseas for further training. But it was not until 1962 that the first Department of Surveying in a Nigerian University was established at the University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus. In 1970 the University of Lagos (UNILAG) also began the training of Surveyors by establishing a Sub-Department of Surveying in her Department of Civil Engineering. The sub-department became a full fledged department in 1973. About the same time survey training started in UNILAG, another Department of Surveying was established at the Ahmadu Bello University in Zaria, in the northern part of the country. All these departments were domiciled in the Faculty of Engineering. At present, there are eleven Universities in Nigeria, offering courses in Surveying and Geoinformatics leading to the award of Bachelors and other degrees. One common and major problem faced by all the Universities is in recruiting interested and qualified candidates as students in their respective departments. This problem is aggravated by the large number of Universities struggling to recruit limited number of available qualified candidates. Other factors contributing to this problem include the following: the very low regard and poor publicity for Surveying profession in Nigeria, perception of poor career prospects for graduates in Surveying, poor ficial yield for Surveying professionals, centralized admission process in the University and the stringent uniform requirements for all courses in the Faculty of domicile, and the physically demanding, and sometimes boring nature of some aspects of the training of Surveyors. The Department of Surveying and Geoinformatics, University of Lagos, has taken some steps to solve the problem of recruiting qualified candidates into the department. These include: organizing career talks in Secondary Schools, making admission requirements more relevant, encouraging and engineering positive publicity for the profession, and undertaking a review of the curricula, to make the course more interesting and attractive to young school leavers. The result of the efforts made at University of Lagos has generated a lot of interest in the profession amongst the students. By the 2008/2009, the Department had been able to fill its admission quota with qualified candidates, almost exclusively from those who indicated Surveying and Geoinformatics as their first choice course, in the central admission system.

Abstract
It has been clear for some time, at least from the evidence presented at a number of FIG events, that the profession is changing with a huge number of recognised competencies. This raises fundamental questions for the global surveying profession that include: what core subjects should be encompassed in educational curricula; how can we attract and educate new recruits into the profession; how should we market the core surveying competencies; and how can we address the demographics of an aging profession? Different parts of the world report a range of major challenges, including low student numbers, closure of surveying courses, an aging teaching profession, inadequate job opportunities in some locations with an insufficient supply of graduates to fill the vacancies in others. Overarching these is the lack of any clear international recognition of definition of the profession of "surveyors" for the 21st century. Thus we risk failure to promote, at a global level, the full range of surveying skills to both our clients and to the broader public, thereby constricting both the supply of and demand for surveyors. This paper argues that there is need for a review of the core competencies that one might expect of a surveyor and the establishment of a focused marketing programme that influences national and international agencies and overcomes the relative ignorance about the nature, structure, education and regulation in the profession in different countries. This paper identifies and discusses these issues, and challenges the whole of FIG to contribute to developing a range of global solutions to ensure the survival and future of our profession.

Abstract
This paper explores the interrelationship between Continuing Professional Development (CPD), Life Long Learning (LLL), Work Life Balance (WLB) and the linking key concept of Employability, with a view to developing a holistic approach to CPD provision. It is understood that an important aspect of any professional person’s development is CPD; it enables the vital issue of being a "Reflective Practitioner" to be addressed by professionals and assists in gaining an improvement in professional performance. One could also argue that CPD in the past has failed to be continuous and inclusive; it has not fully embraced the concept of Life Long Learning and has been fragmented and less than developmental. Concerns in the United Kingdom for CPD as a "national need" have been acknowledged by the National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education in the report (NCIHE 1997) "We believe that the aim of higher education should be to sustain a learning society". The emphasis here is clearly placed upon continuity throughout life, on broader knowledge and intellectual skills as well as vocational skills, and on ownership by the learner through the achievement of personal fulfilment. This paper provides a valid methodology for addressing the full implications and incorporated aspects of CPD.

Abstract
SQLtutor is an interactive online web based tool for teaching and examining students knowledge of SQL. It was introduced into education at the Department of Mapping and Cartography of the Faculty of Civil Engineering at the Czech Technical University in Prague in 2007. The paper informs about the first practical experience gained from the first year of application of the project in education, deals with some uncovered problems and discusses the next possible developments of the project. By introducing the SQLtutor to an introductory database course, there were several goals followed. One of them was to offer the students a learning tool that would help them to impair some casual bad practices brought from secondary schools, like occasional dull mechanical memorizing. This tool would lead them spontaneously to individual learning and logical thinking in order to be able to solve simple SQL queries. The students need to understand basic principles and they need to learn thinking in the categories of sets. A previous knowledge of procedural programming might be paradoxically a disadvantage.

Abstract
One of the most successful modules offered at the International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation, ITC, The Netherlands, is the so-called NRM Module 1. The module is based on the Spiral Model of Learning, an experience-based learning methodology, and is particularly developed for adult education. The knowledge and the professional experiences of the students are seen as an important source of learning. The education process is organised in a six-stage cycle involving six adaptive learning modes – initial expectation and readiness, description of experiences, diagnosis and reflection, conceptualisation, experimentation and practice, and integration and action planning. Each of these stages requiring a series of carefully developed individual or group exercises. Through its interactive and reflective nature the module is constantly changing and adapting to new realities and changing directions in the professional field. New learning tools, such as e-learning and the use of a virtual learning environment, appear to be developed for experiential learning. The Spiral Model of Learning methodology promotes lifelong learning and fits the concept of continuing professional development. It is recommended to further explore this approach and similar approaches in the search for new and sustainable curricula for future land professionals.

Abstract
Topic of this paper is the usage of the multidisciplinary GIS platform for Design of Building Structures and GIS platform for education at the Brno University of Technology (BUT). The GIS technology has been made use of at BUT Brno in a limited extent since as early as the 90s, but as it was out of acceptable price range the utilization in greater extent was not possible. With the support of research projects the GIS platform became part and parcel of accredited study programmes at BUT Brno three years ago. Current informatics infrastructure was completed with necessary systems Geomedia 6.0 (Intergraph) and Arc/Info (ESRI), which are commonly widespread platforms. On initiation of Institute of Geodesy, Faculty of Civil Engineering GIS data warehouse has been established for the needs of tuition at BUT Brno, it contains all types of basic maps of CR and other types of data (ZABAGED, Orthophoto, BM – CR of various scales, cadastral maps, purpose-built maps, historical maps, special data – laser scanning, DMT, satellite data and others) in the localities of interest. The data warehouse is continuously supplemented. A part of GIS platform is a catalogue of maps containing fragments of cadastral, civilian and military map works since 1825 till now. Hardware for the platform is the server HP Proliant DL380 G5 rack with 2x Quad-Core Intel Xeon Processor E5440 (2,83 GHz, 80 Watts, 1333 FSB), 32 GB RAM memory PC2-5300 Fully Buffered DIMMs (DDR2-667) with Advanced ECC, disc space 8x 146 GB HDD SAS 10000 rps, Hot-plug and net interface 2x Gbit LAN. ArcGIS requires database connectivity. As the university information system and additional university applications are in the long term based on Microsoft technology, in this case the platform MS SQL 2008 in 64 bits version was also used. On the basis of standard multidisciplinary GIS platform the interests of several individual branches and worksites has been succeeded to be integrated e.g.: branch of Geodesy and Cartography (application in range of real estate cadastre, geology and geodynamics, GIS of small municipalities and others), branch of Water Management and Water Structures (solution in the field of hydrology), branch of Construction and Traffic Structures (GIS in traffic) and others. Informatics infrastructure is guaranteed at Faculty of Civil Engineering by Institute of Computer Aided Engineering and Computer Science, within the BUT by Faculty of Information Technology. The software solution of tasks in Open-GIS systems (Grass) ranks among contemporary trends. This article will be completed with demo results of hitherto solved tasks in the GIS sphere at the Institute of Geodesy, Faculty of Civil Engineering, BUT. Current civil constructions and structures are designed as optimized from a lot of aspects. Information integrated within the information system enable when proportioned to take into account even the influence of the outer conditions resulting from the geographical position and there out arising parameters e.g. the amount of rainfall, the speed and the direction of the wind, length of sunshine intensity, geology etc. The platform provides database enabling to simulate different variability of practical conditions of project assignment in the region. Data structure provides localized and geospatial data from global or regional character up to the detailed information of a particular cadastral allotment. Modern decision making in flood risk management is based on theoretical means which make possible objective forecasting of flood consequences, both qualitative and quantitative. Necessary tools for the practical implementation of the risk analysis methods in floodplains are the contemporary mathematical models of water flow in the inundation area linked to a powerful GIS. The main task of GIS is to administer the input data, to analyse them and to present the results.

Abstract
This paper describes the approach and developments of a project called 3DRiskmapping. The project aims were to create a learning on demand tool for the use of terrestrial laser scanners in documenting our built environment. The deliverables of the project include a number of ICT-supported training tools that can be used and adopted by academic institutions in their current and future curriculum. The resulting package consists of a theoretical introduction on laser scanning and laser scanning data processing completed with a number of case studies in the form of online tutorials, lesson e-books and decision flowcharts for procuring 3D spatial information surveying projects with laser scanning. The course material is available in five languages: English, Spanish, German, Romanian and Dutch. Future users will be able to register themselves online at the didactic portal and download all the course material free of charge.

Abstract
This article deals with quality control and main outcomes of the new MSc program at the Department of Geodesy and Geoinformatics (DGG) developed under the Tempus project at the Faculty of Civil Engineering (FCE), Belgrade University (BU). Master program covers the area of Land Law and Economy and it is the first program with this specific contents in Serbia. The main aim of this Project is to take into account actual needs of the Serbian surveyors today and to prepare a curriculum, more cooperative with modern European education practice in this area. In this Project we cooperate with the colleagues from Stockholm, Helsinki and Ljubljana Universities, with special heading role of Royal Institute of Technology (KTH, Stockholm). We are now near the end of the Project. The teachers from four domestic faculties with foreign colleagues are going to prepare teaching materials that is expected to be finished until the August 2009. It is a multidiscipline program with legal, economic and technical subjects back grounding with a Land Management Center which should be established during this Tempus Project, also. With the help of Land Management Center which is prepared and equipped with modern computers, knowledge innovation courses and process of permanent education of Serbian land surveyors will be organized in a new manner. In this intention we expect much help from European colleagues and every initiative will be of great importance to us.We also ask all colleagues to think about mutual cooperation with DGG in sharing experiences in all directions of education process and professional surveyor’s development.

Abstract
Globalisation, as a process and a condition of the space for higher education, dictates the guidelines for development of study programmes. A special challenge has appeared in the fields depending on the fast developing information technology, including spatial information science, and in the fields of licensed disciplines such as land surveying. Due historical reasons, surveying, geodesy and cartography have been often part of a common academic study programme in the most European countries. The competences of classical surveying, geodetic, and cartographic higher educational programmes have been changing and new areas are developing rapidly. In the article, we focused on competences of the surveying (geodetic) higher education in todays society, where findings of actual international discussions are summarised. Furthermore, the renovation of higher study programmes of surveying in Slovenia is presented (official translation is geodesy), which has been partly influenced by historical facts, and current European and international guidelines in higher education of surveying and geodesy. In this respect, the competences of the new higher educational programmes of surveying (geodesy) in Slovenia are presented.

Abstract
The external academic quality appraisal of Romanian higher education institutions in the fundamental subject area of Engineering Sciences and its respective study programmes is based on (reference) standards and performance indicators set by a number of documents. These are the methodology, the reference standards and the performance indicators list approved by the Government Decision no. 1418 of 11.10.2006, with which operates the Romanian Agency for Quality Assurance in Higher Education (ARACIS). There are also the specific standards applying to all fundamental subject areas, approved by ARACIS, in accordance with the Law no. 87/10 April 2006, Article 17. Regarding of this Government Decision, the curricula must specify the volume in hours for teaching activities with students and the number of hours required for the student’s individual training as well as the number of credits for each discipline, both for coursework and project work or other applied activities. In order to analyse the quality of Romanian higher education for the "Geodetic Engineering’’ domain, in the field of Land surveying and Cadastre and the universities’ role in training new experts in the field, we want to present the curriculum of a young university – December 1st 1918 University of Alba Iulia, in relation to a university with a long tradition of Romanian geodetic education – the Technical University of Civil Engineering, Bucharest. Also, as computer technologies evolve rapidly, the training of future university graduates has to be tuned to the latest developments, so as to offer them better qualifications for the labour market. By this way, all the university including December 1st 1918 University of Alba Iulia and „The Technical University of Civil Engineering’’ of Bucharest through its Bachelor’s degree programme "Territory measurements and cadastre’’, has included in the curricula a series of specialty disciplines that will help future geodetic engineers acquire competences in computerising geodetic surveys. The future graduates will also be able to adjust to the constant dynamics of this line of work. The description of the curricula shows that surveying students, during the four years of study, acquire enough knowledge and practical skills to work with computers and specialized surveying software. These skills may increase the quality and productivity of the surveyor’s work. They also become a huge advantage when using other computer software and other types of equipment in other surveying-related areas. All these accomplishments are the result of the connection between theory and practice, of a syllabus that is competitive with the dynamics of development in the field of land measurement and cadastre and also of the ease in assimilating all new information in the field. Trough the study of a wide range of topographic equipment and of computer software that are presently used in Romania and abroad, our young engineers are prepared to apply for jobs in Romania or in any member state of the European Union. They are familiar with or they can adjust very easily to the specific topographical and computer technology that they may be required to use. As regards the access to further studies, the holders of a Bachelor’s degree in Engineering will have access to Master studies and then to doctoral studies not only in Romania but also in the European Union or elsewhere.

Abstract
The crisis of surveying continues to haunt the literature of Commission 2 – low young surveying numbers, low FIG (International Federation of Surveyors) awareness and a near-invisible surveying public profile. But what is being done? This paper summarises key recent literature relating to this issue and the future of the profession – particularly with reference to future applications and marketing. It is suggested that a clear, concise surveying profile is developed both nationally and regionally to enhance the public profile. Borders across the European Union and Asia may be opening up, but unless the borders between surveying disciplines become similarly permeable, surveying professionals will find it difficult to evolve in the future marketplace. Ultimately an inclusive profession needs to be developed and marketed to all. Young surveyors in particular will benefit from such a move. As a generation they have already progressed beyond such issues – having grown up with this international world of plug-and-play. But as a profession, greater mentorship and communication – across borders, generations and cultures – is required to raise the public surveying profile, in addition to the FIG profile within the profession. The Young SurveyorsWorking Group was developed from 2006 to address such issues, and is rapidly consolidating on achievements so far – notably a record student attendance at the FIGWorkingWeek in Stockholm, 2008. On the eve of the group’s development into an FIG network, this paper summarises the key opportunities its success will create.

Abstract
The integration of Romania into an international context implies the harmonization of new requirements regarding cadastral activities and their organisation. New legislation has been issued regarding cadastral activity, of which we can mention the following: The Agricultural Real Estate Law on the retrocession of lands to the former owners or to their inheritors, the Cadastre and Land Registration Law tackling the provisions for all landed property to be registered in the Land Book ad the Forest Fund Law with the later additions on the system of retrocession of forests to their previous owners. These laws are now in harmony with the European legislation through a generalised cadastral record keeping system for lands registered in the Land Book. The Romanian system is based on the Austrian system, which is at the basis of most cadastral systems in Europe. We should remind you that Romania has until recently had two separate cadastral record keeping of real estates. One was based on the Austrian system and it was used in northern, western and central Romania. The other was based on the French system of Records Registries valid for the south and east of Romania. This situation lead to a series of discrepancies that caused problems in meeting deadlines, in the citizens – administration relationship and that was in the end, a waste of human and material efforts. There are also many cases in which different institutions store and use similar data on an administrative territory but they have their own means of data gathering and storing, which leads to different entries for the same record. In this context of transition in the field of cadastre and land registration, the training of future specialists in cadastral record keeping organisation activities, such as The Owners alphabetic index, the Registry of Parcels, the Registry of Property Items and etc allows the young degree holders of this field to work in an international context. They are also introduced into cadastral and land registration service providing and they are encouraged to acquire competences to manage a new cadastral database and a computerised system that records land books. The software designed by the Romanian National Agency for Cadastre and Land Registration is also part of their curricula. Such software is the Property Item that generates a database for each owner. This database will then be part of the general cadastre of Romania, materialized in E-Terra, which has been designed to manage the cadastre and land registration activities in all Romanian regions. The computerized record keeping system implies geodetic aids that can be included in the management of Land Books. Thus, CAD and similar software and Romanian cadastral software such as Mapsys are included in the students curricula. The practical training of students includes practical activities carried out in Romanian companies active in the field of land measurements and cadastre, in local public administrations and in the branches of the Romanian National Agency for Cadastre and Land Registration. The national Ministry of Education has issued a decision by which institutions and companies are required to receive students for practical activities so as to create the link between theory and practice. The Romanian companies are encouraged to give private study scholarships for the best students. Another opportunity for students in higher education are student mobility programmes, which offer them the chance to study or to have practical, training in Universities or private companies or partnerships abroad. Thus, a future professional of a field that has specific characteristics in each country encourages experience sharing and contacts between the experts.

Abstract
This paper provides some general remarks on the education programs in the domain of Geodesy and Geoinformation at the Vienna University of Technology. Currently one bachelor and three master programs are offered. A special focus point will be attempts for quality assurance.